Ascites, itself, usually does not cause a problem, but the primary disease process causing the ascites can be a serious condition. Ascites is usually produced slowly and in small amounts; however, if a large amount of fluid is produced, or rapidly produced, an emergency situation may exist. Large amounts of free fluid in the abdomen may compress the diaphragm, leading to respiratory compromise and difficulty breathing. Fortunately, this is a rare occurrence.

Ascites is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. The volume of the fluid can be quite subtle, or it may be significant, causing distention of the abdomen. Ascites has many causes, most of which can be very serious. Ascites is caused by the leakage of fluid into the abdomen from blood vessels, lymphatics, internal organs or abdominal masses.

Causes

Hypoalbuminemia or a decrease in the blood albumin level
Severe liver disease
Right sided heart failure
Abdominal masses
Trauma
Peritonitis or inflammation of the inner lining of the abdomen
Bleeding disorders
Diseases of lymphatics
Obstruction of the hepatic vein or caudal (lower) vena cava causing compromises in blood circulation

What to Watch For

Abdominal distension
Breathing difficulty or increased respiratory effort
Abdominal discomfort
Lethargy
Cough
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Fever
Anorexia
Weakness

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